Dont believe in physical discipline. Voice and body posture do the job. Have taught one of my dogs some sign language as he was deaf and had many health issues when I adopted him. Was a medical assistant so Im not timid of wound cleaning, bandage changing or giving injections. Had a total hip replacement in May 2016 so Im very grateful to walk. My current dog I have had for almost 11 years. He understands quit a few commands like sneeze, sit, this way, right, no street, I believe in socializing a dog from day one. I have never crated any of my dogs, I just taught them right and wrong. I am an animal lover-ferrets,guinea pigs, dog, horses, baby pigs, rabbits, dislike snakes and spiders.